Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Pro Essay Writers

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Pro Essay Writers

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Friday, September 11, 2020

Essay Writing Service At $7

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Find An Essay Writer For Your Task In 3 Minutes Now

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Friday, August 28, 2020

Strategies For Essay Writing

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

What Do People In The Petroleum Institute Know About Global Climate - 825 Words

What Do People In The Petroleum Institute Know About Global Climate Change? (Essay Sample) Content: ProposalWhat do people in The Petroleum Institute know about global climate change?Literature Review:Our literature review seeks to have an understanding of the amount and type of information that the Petroleum Institute has in regard to global climate change. The literature review will specifically focus on available information in regard to four climate change themes namely; causes of climate change, its impact on human health, solutions and public views on climate change.Causes of Climate ChangeRecent emission of greenhouse gases has been the highest in human history, which is a clear pointer that human activities have an influence on climate change [1]. Greenhouse gases such as carbon II oxide and methane have been gradually accumulating in the atmosphere as a result of an increase in industrial activity and human population. These gases lead to an increase in the temperatures on the earths surface which is referred to as global warming. Biello and Melisa [2, 3] a lso agree that climate change is mainly caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate change can occur as a result of natural changes over thousands of years [4]. The article gives an analysis on how permanent changes in weather patterns can lead to climate change as it happened with the case of Sahara desert which was inhabited thousands of years ago. The rate at which climate change is happening in the modern days is what raises concern.Impact of Climate Change on Human HealthThe effect of climate change on human health comes as a result of the changes that the climate change has on the disease vectors [5]. The researchers found out that climate change affects the life cycle of the disease pathogens in regard to their development, survival, and interaction with humans. Climate change makes it difficult to predict the impact of disease pathogens on humans due to the shift in several climate variables that come with climate change [5]. The study [6] explo res the effect of climate change on costs associated with diseases such as malaria and the impact that rise in these costs will have on the achievement of MDGs. The analysis found out that there are inadequate studies that measure the estimated rise in health costs. Currently, the MDGs are already short of the set budget and continued change in climate will further make the achievement of MDGs more difficult due to an increase in the costs required to address diseases.Solutions for Climate ChangeAmong the solutions that can help mitigate climate change include foregoing fossil fuels, upgrading infrastructure to more modern structures that are environment-friendly, reduce the need for transportation, consume less, eliminate the need to cut trees and investing in renewable future energy [2]. Though the impact of one individual may be negligible in trying to reverse climate change, the authors of the article argue that a combination of efforts by nations and individuals will significan tly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to safe levels. Melissa [3] also offers simple acts that individuals can take towards stopping global warming. She starts with encouraging people to speak to their families and friends about global warming and how to make wise decisions that do not worsen the situation. Though the suggestions by Melissa are simply phrased, they are largely similar to the suggestions given by Biello. For example, when Melisa writes about maintaining a ride, she has the same meaning with reducing the need for transportation. IPCC [1] summarizes these steps by recommending adoption of sustainable development.Public Views on Climate ChangeIn a survey conducted by Bostrom [7], it was found out that the lay people had varying misconceptions on the causes and effects of climate change. Among the misconceptions that the respondents gave were; climate change is caused by an increase in ultraviolet rays into the earths atmosphere and that greenhouse effect is a phen omenon that leads to steaming of the earth. The respondents also lacked knowledge on the extent that each of the causes of global warming has on the climate change. Also in an effort to understand public views on climate change Lorenzoni [8], conducted a review of the major studies that pointed out to public views in the EU and the US on climate change. The analysis found out that there was a large similarity on public opinion on climate change from across the US and the EU. First, there is high-level awareness of climate change but the public attaches more importance to personal affairs than climate change. Just like Bostrom found out, however, there is a low level of understanding of the causes and solutions to climate change. In both the studies also, the public acknowledges the risks associated with climate change and their willingness to take co...

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Reasons For The Year / 08 Deepened Financial Crisis Of The...

Explain the reasons for the 2007/08 deepened financial crisis in the European Union (EU) and critically assess its response to its crisis. Introduction As a whole, the regulation of banking institutions and financial markets are considered as a debatable issue. Banking is considerably the most deeply regulated industry within the financial sector which is also one of the heavily regulated sectors in the economy. Many financial systems are disposed to periods of lack of stability. However, in the result of the crisis of 2007, in the approaching years the financial regulatory authority has reflected on how to approach the supervision and financial regulation. I am going to discuss the reasons for the deepened financial crisis that occurred†¦show more content†¦When financial markets fail to work effectively, it causes contractions in economic activity. (Mishkin et al., 2013). Casu et al. (2006) say that in recent years, many financial crisis around the world have carried about a large number of bank failures which led to agreements for more effective regulation and supervision. Whereas some blame crisis for failure in regulation. Activists of ‘free banking’ argue that the financial sector would work better without regulation, supervision and central banking. (Casu et al., 2006) Financial crisis usually would occur due to banks creating too much money, too quickly and using it to push up house prices and speculating on financial markets. This is exactly what happened which caused the 2008 crisis as mortgage brokers got bonuses for lending out more money but that encouraged them to make risky loans which hurts profits in the end. This led to moral hazard, when one person takes on more risk because someone else bears the burden of that risk. Banks and lenders were willing to lend to subprime borrowers, those with poor credit history, because they plan to sell the mortgages to somebody else. Once banks started to notice that subprime loans were defaulting, they started seeing trouble meaning that they had to then worry about housing market prices as it was never an issue before. (DeGrace, 2011) People thought they would pass the risk of the line. Going back to moral hazard, the

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Flashlight free essay sample

My only source of light I had was a flashlight clutched in my small hands, flicking around the pink tent in which I was holed up inside. I heard a small ruffling coming from outside the tent and I jumped, facing the flashlight towards the sound. It was only my small teddy bear, falling over on its side. I sighed a breath of relief and turned my flashlight from Beary Johnson, only to hit a dark figure outside my tent. I let out a shriek and covered my head with my arms, the flashlight flinging from my hand. There was a loud laugh and the sound of my tent being unzipped, â€Å"Tay, it’s only me.† I looked up warily to see only my dad’s head through the tent. I rubbed the tears out of my eyes and crawled to him and he swooped me up into his arms. â€Å"I would never let a scary old monster snatch you,† he said, carrying me to the couch, â€Å"That’s my job. We will write a custom essay sample on Flashlight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † He suddenly began tickling me with a fake monster voice and I was laughing to the point I was crying. I remember those summers spent with my dad, running around the house, screeching blissfully as he chased me around the sharp corners and watching Jumanji for the third time in a row that day. Those were times I cherished greatly; leaving Virginia and my mom for a summer full of fun and excitement. My dad spoiled me beyond my greatest 5-year-old dreams. We would go to water parks, get soft serve every day, go shopping for whatever I wanted needless to say, I loved summer. And after my summer with my dad was well spent, I would return back to my mom. I would always be able to adjust easily, flowing comfortably back and forth between parents, just knowing that I had both of them. When anyone asked where my home was, I always had two answers for them. My parents separation had become as normal for me as a fluffy multi-layered pink and black Hello Kitty skirt with matching knee-high Hello Kitty socks and light-up sketchers. It was my routine. But it was the summer of 2011 my schedule was flipped upside down and I never returned to Virginia at the end of the summer. Being kept from returning to Virginia forced me to grow up. I learned that life wouldn’t always cater to me. I was scared beyond belief that my entire world was turning on its axis, that everything I had come to know was crumbling all around me. It was an extremely hard time for me, learning to adjust to a new life, and going to a school where I knew no one. I spent every night calling my mom on the phone, asking her when I would see her again, tears running down my face. It took me some time to get used to living in Florida. I met tons of people, I stepped out of my boundaries and did things I was never able to do in Virginia. I roller skated with my friends and had grand birthday parties I had once dreamed about. While I missed Virginia and my mom, I adjusted to life in Florida and overcame my sadness and fear. It was a huge change and hadn’t come to me easy, but it helped me become the person I am today.

Saturday, April 18, 2020

The Island of Crimea Review Essay Example

The Island of Crimea Review Paper Essay on The Island of Crimea To my great surprise and shame, I found that in general do not know anything about the fate of the so-called Island of Crimea (OK), where at one time hid the remnants of the White Army, which preserved a shaky independence of any State. So I can not tell you how truthful Aksenov, telling his story of a dashing, as it is adequately and accurately describes the events, taking into account that the main character becomes a significant personality in the history of OK. I had to take his word. The book reads quickly, easily and never gets stuck)) Of course, something with which the ideas in the novel can be argued (in particular, reading the article the main character of Stalin, I dropped out in sediment from extremism Go to IV may be treated differently but sO ?! however, it is not so important), but in general, the novel made a good impression as the plot of his, and the subtext. It is the author of some of the sketches failed bytovuhi. About a drunken old man who became attached to the young man in the street because he sniffed at the empty shelves in the store. And because they all are! All right! And makaronki here! And the sardines! Or about the election, when people queued from early in the morning before the opening of polling stations rose to be the first to vote for a single party. Chertyaka Aksenov, an ulcer that has)) We will write a custom essay sample on The Island of Crimea Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Island of Crimea Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Island of Crimea Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book is at all surprisingly varied here and farce (described sauna sessions) and drama (family relations of heroes), and frivolous novel (main character sex almost ezhenochno and often with a different partner Sometimes it is not the same Sometimes it is not only a partner), and comedy (domestic sketches) and tragedy (end OK), and the absurd and surreal true (adventure Tatiana Lunina after escaping from the airport) -.. it all mixed up in a sharp little mix. Very spicy. Sauce with spices. It seems that too many things to go well? But no! All very well, naturally and safely digest. And it seems that all the ingredients are familiar, but the result is something special Read it, if you suddenly fall under the hand bored just will not P.S!. Maybe someone znae as all the same Crimea attached? So was it all like Aksyonov wrote? .. Curiously, the right word

Saturday, March 14, 2020

Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Essay Example

Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Essay Example Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Paper Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Paper Firstly, we have the Stage Instructions to consider. Throughout the play, there is no mention of Inspector Gooles physical appearance except in the first set of stage instructions when he enters the Birlings house. He is said to need not be a big man but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. As for his age, he is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period. There is no mention of any distinctive features to define him so already, an air of mystery has been created about this so-called inspector. For me, his massiveness, solidity and purposefulness and his name Goole build up a feeling of fear and this first set of instructions lead me to believe that he could be in the form of a ghost returning to teach the Birlings a lesson about responsibility. An additional example of this, is when Inspector Goole is talking to Mr. and Mrs. Birling (and occasionally Gerald) Priestley has added in instructions so that Goole speaks to them savagely and severely, which indicates he has less patience and is not as forgiving with them as he is with the children, Eric and Sheila. I think this shows the possibility of Inspector Goole taking on the role of Priestley himself because the point of this drama is to portray a certain message. To be able to portray this message he has to make everyone accept their responsibilities which is more difficult with the older generation, therefore Goole begins to lose his patience with them. Another important issue is the way in which Priestley has structured the play. As Inspector Goole is questioning the members of the household, Priestley has made sure it is obvious that there is a certain order in which they must questioned. When Gerald asks to see the picture the inspector says, hold on, your time will come and one line of inquiry at a time This shows he has already planned out whom he will speak to first and last and what information he will have. Due to the fact he already knows that each of them holds a key to Eva Smiths death, it is likely he could be a time traveller travelling back in time to punish the Birlings and make them realize the consequences of their actions. The dialogue from the other characters also helps us to comprehend the role of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls. I especially think this is achieved by Mrs. Birlings views on Eva Smith towards the end of the play, she thinks of Miss Smith a an impertinent child and apparently. was giving herself ridiculous airs that were simply absurd for a child in her position. This signifies that Mrs. Birling does not think highly of the girl and bearing in mind the social and historical context of this play, written in 1946 and set in 1912,we know that there were very definite divisions between the upper, middle and working-class so Mrs. Birling obviously sees herself as superior to Eva, hence her uncaring manner. This leads me to believe that the inspector could just be a device to portray the view that all people deserve to be treated fairly and equally, regardless as to what social background they come from. The Inspectors actions are equally as important when trying to comprehend his function in the play. Throughout the play, the inspector constantly pauses and looks at his watch or looks at the clock as if keeping a very close eye on the time, he is also able to predict when Eric will return, he checks his watch as the front doors slams shut. Furthermore, when he is showing Mr. Birling a picture of Eva Smith, the others advance to see it but the Inspector interposes himself between them and the photo. Not only are these actions unusual for a police inspector due to the abruptness and rudeness, but they are odd because of Inspector Gooles limitless knowledge as to when and where people will be, what information they will possess, and his increasing hastiness towards the end of the play to leave the house. This designates the fact that the inspector could again be either a time-traveller come to teach the Birlings a lesson on selfishness and equality or Priestley himself portraying his message to the audience. I think this because out of the possibilities, in my opinion, these are the only two that could acquire, or already know such extensive knowledge about Eva Smith. A further way in which Priestley helps us to understand the Inspectors role in the play is through the Inspectors own speech. When he first arrives at the Birlings house and throughout the rest of the play, Inspector Goole keeps referring to and describing Eva Smiths death in a distasteful manner, swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant, she was in great agony her position now is that she lies with a burnt-out inside on a slab. I think this is to create an atmosphere of guilt for the Birlings in the hope that they might seriously consider what part they could have played in this tragedy. From these quotations, we gather that it is unlikely Inspector Goole is a real police inspector due to the gruesome repetition of how Eva Smith died and so, to me, this indicates that the Inspector could be a close relation of Evas returning to seek his revenge. The questioning techniques used by Inspector Goole are also very important to help us understand his function in the play. He asks his questions very rapidly and directly, Where did you meet? What happened then? Was she drunk too? But you took her home again? These questions are pushing the story along and lead the characters into a trap so that they subconsciously confess to the Inspectors implications and confirm what he already knows. Also, when the inspector is asked how he has acquired all this information and whether he has spoken to Eva Smith, he replies, she told me nothing, I never spoke to her, and this seems very odd considering he knows so much about her life. However, earlier on in the play, he says it was from reading Evas diary but it would have to have been in intricate detail. These two points give the impression that Inspector Goole maybe omnipotent, so personally, I think this shows that he could either be a time-traveller or Priestley himself trying to convey the message that our own actions may have an effect on those around us as well.

Thursday, February 27, 2020

Cannibalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cannibalism - Essay Example Philibrick (2001) traces the history of cannibalism and relates it to how the sailors and fishermen actually used to slaughter their own mates in the face of what is called an absolute necessity. He presented a side of history of cannibalism which is based on slaughtering humans in order to fulfill the needs of other humans under extreme conditions. He justifies cannibalism mostly on the basis of the acute needs which have to be fulfilled in order to actually allow others to survive. Therefore, the sense of civility did prevail in those who actually attempted to consume the flesh of their fellow travelers. This historical account provides a different dimension of how cannibalism has been practiced out of necessity (Sandel, 2010). It is critical to understand that from a relativist approach it may be difficult to justify or even define cannibalism, as it draws the line between what an acceptable behavior actually is and what it is not. Cannibalism has colonial roots; European invaders used it as a tool to civilize those who were engaged in such horrifying practice. As such, cannibalism was also used as a reason to use violence and killing against those who were practicing it in the New World. This dimension of cannibalism can suggest some sort of historical distortion about this practice in order to validate brutal attempts of using violence against those communities which were involved in this practice (Salisbury, 2001). Cannibalism can also be an act of revenge and anger, which lead to this practice even to date; cannibalism has also been viewed from this perspective by different tribes in Amazon. Cannibalism has also a compassionate face; during funerals, it is a practice caused by compassion. This kind of argument is relatively different from that of what typical anthropological theory actually stated. Cannibalism can also be based on the overall worldviews of those who practice it; it

Monday, February 10, 2020

Legalizing the use of midicinal marijuana Essay

Legalizing the use of midicinal marijuana - Essay Example rlands, cannabis is openly tolerated and can be both purchased and consumed in one of several Amsterdam ‘coffee houses.’ Inexplicably, the city has not been thrown into anarchy which, evidently, is what the opponents of cannabis legalisation are afraid of. The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon. This discussion will examine the issue of legalisation drawing from European and American experiences. A report in The Economist expressly states concerns regarding a rising drug using and dependent population if these drugs should be made more available. While acknowledging that the price of drugs is artificially high due to the difficulties of circumventing the law, authors of this report indicate that it is precisely because of the high cost and difficulty to obtain that prevents more individuals from experimenting with them, thus becoming addicted, either physically or psychologically. Although these arguments can also be made for other substances that are currently legal, voters have argued that it is not necessary to bring in more potentially harmful substances into legal circulation at this time. To support the argument in favor of legalisation, authors pull in the theories of John Stuart Mill, who espoused that adult citizens should have the right to make their own choices regarding whether or not to participate in harmful activity as long as it does no harm to others, a theo ry that has been largely ignored in the decisions regarding alcohol and tobacco, but not cannabis. (â€Å"Case for Legalisation,† 2001) Eleven states allow the use of marijuana for medicinal use, Rhode Island the most recent joining California, Alaska, Hawaii, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington and, Vermont and Maine. However, laws enacted by

Friday, January 31, 2020

Stress Strain Relationship Essay Example for Free

Stress Strain Relationship Essay The unique relationship between stress (intensity of force) and strain (measurement of deformation) is evident. The external forces that act on the body impose loads that affect the internal structures of the body. In biomechanics, the understanding of mechanical properties internal forces is important for preventing injury and evaluating the causes of injury. It starts with mechanical stress, the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area of the surface on which the internal force acts. The three principle stresses are tension, compression, shear in biomechanics it’s known as the three basic methods of loading. Tension involves pulling the structure, compression involves a stress that compacts the structure and shear involves pushing the structure eccentrically. Tensile stress is produced when an object or material is axially loaded in tension with forces pulling on either side. For example, the humerus is loaded axially in tension when a sit-up is done; very large tensile loads may sprain or rupture ligaments and tendons, tear muscles and cartilage, and fracture bones. Compressive stress is the axial stress that results when a load tends to push or squash the molecules of a material more tightly together at the analysis plane. For example, the femur and tibia are under compression when you are standing, as a result of your body weight pushing down; large compressive loads may cause bruising of soft tissue and crushing fractures of bones. Shear stress is a transverse stress that acts parallel to the analysis plane as a result of forces acting parallel to this plane; these forces tend to slide the molecules of the object past each other. Scissors are also referred to as shears due to creating large shear stresses in the material; however in the human body shear loads can cause blisters of the skin, joint dislocation or shear fractures of the bone. Strain is the quantification of the deformation of a material. Linear strain is produced by compressive or tensile stresses; molecules being pulled apart or pushed together, as a result some change in length accompanies this stress. However, shear strain occurs with a change in orientation of adjacent molecules as a result of these molecules slipping past each other.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Behavioral Outcomes in Abused Children Essay -- Effects of Child Abuse

The research at present was done to discover what types of behaviors are presented by abused children. Research has shown that there are not specific behaviors that an abused child will exhibit. However, there are certain behaviors that can be watched for by parents, caregivers, and other adults. These behaviors may be shown in the form of a problem child or the opposite in a quiet isolated child. The Effects of Child Abuse on Behavior Many people assume that there are specific behaviors associated with a child who is or has been abused. However, research shows that there are many different behaviors such children may exhibit. These behaviors are usually from one end of the spectrum or the other. However, no matter the type of behavior displayed by the child the abuse is very destructive to the child in many ways; psychologically and biologically. Their future will hold many problems in learning, emotions, and behavior (Brassard et al., 2009). It is important to remember that just because a child shows the same behaviors as an abused child does not mean that the child has been abused. Research being done on these behaviors only gives explanation of the behaviors but they are not certain to occur. Much research being completed is to help teachers, doctors, and others that work with children on a daily basis something to look for when child abuse is suspected. Each study that has been accomplished explains different behaviors and the reasons for them. These behaviors can manifest two main types of children; the problem child or the isolated child. Types of Abuse There are four main types of abuse; physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect. Physical or biological abuse is when violent actions are imposed to a child by th... ...onmgr14&vid=7&hid=18 Relich, R., Giblin, P. T., Starr, R. H., Jr, & Agronow, S. J. (1980). Motor and social behavior in abused and control children: observations of parent-child interactions. The Journal of Psychology, 106, 193-204. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.mc.edu:2054/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10&hid=18&sid=ecc52210-ab37-4879-91fb-601063008a50%40sessionmgr14 Sim, L., Friedrich, W. N., Davies, W. H., Trentham, B., Lengua, L., & Pithers, W. (2005, December ). The child behavior checklist as an indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in normative, psyhiatric, and sexually abused children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 697-705. Retrieved from www.ebscohost.com Vandenberg, B., & Marsh, U. (2009). Aggression in youths: child abuse, gender, and SES. North American Journal of Psychology, 11, 437-442. Retrieved from www.ebscohost.com

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

American Jury Trial System

The American jury trial system places twelve citizens in power to hear the sides of the accused and the complainant and decide what verdict should be given for the case. It has been estimated that the United States of America accounts for ninety percent of all jury trials in the world. The system adapted the different trial systems from the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and European jury customs (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). The goal of this paper is to analyze and assess the American jury trial system and to be able to identify to what extent it can be improved.First, let us discuss about the system’s history and evolution. England had an uneven system of juries during the time of Alfred (871-901 A. D. ). Representatives of the tithing were brought jointly to fix on the questions set prior to them. While statement of witnesses did initiate to emerge, when Alfred died, the system collapsed. The Normans used the Saxon court system; including the appeals to the King, legal witn esses and ordeals; unraveling the secular and religious courts and selected â€Å"circuit† judges to embody the King all over the country.In addition, trials were introduced through warfare (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). Moreover, it is the Norman England that which instituted the fundamentals of modern jury system. The system gradually developed for cases wherein trial by combat was inappropriate. Restricted residents were brought to court to decree on matters they had beheld. In the 12th century under Henry II, the use of juries had increased. The defendants were offered to choose from trial by jury or by combat. Then, in the reign of Edward III, the characterization of jurors started to shift.And, by the end of the 15th century, a jury is no longer a group of witnesses but a body that examined the statements of witnesses and necessarily convicts a criminal in a trial with a unanimous decision (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). More evolution and development happene d in the jury system between the 15th and 18th century. When knighthood wasn’t a necessity for a juror anymore, trial by â€Å"peers† turned out to be more valid. Professionals and experts started to be used as witnesses and exemptions from jury duty were continuously developing, e.g. Quakers, who couldn’t pledge to oaths. For cause at common law indicates that the exemptions of being a juror include: having served on the accusing jury; being a serf or servant; being convicted of certain crimes; having a relation with one of the parties or the sheriff; or stating his opinion of the case in public. Eventually, calling of witnesses by the defendants and cross-examining of witnesses by the defense counsel were tolerated (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).Throughout the American colonialism, the jury became one of the emblems of revolt against the king of England. The colonists mainly protested about refutation of rights established to all other Englishmen as well as the right to a jury trial as guaranteed by the Magna Carta of 1215. An example of quotations in the Magna Carta state that â€Å"the Common Pleas gatherings shall not follow the imperial court, but be held in some definite area†, and â€Å"the juries shall be composed of honest men of the neighborhood† (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).Magna Carta has been the basis of many essential concepts of law in America. In over one hundred decisions, the US Supreme court has traced the reliance on Magna Carta for the understanding of suitable practice of law, trial by jury of one’s peers, the significance of a prompt and unprejudiced trial, and defense against bail or fines or cruel and unusual sentence (The Baronial Order of Magna Carta). However, trial by jury wasn’t absolutely deprived of to the explorers.In 1607, Virginia Company established the Jamestown that mentions the right for jury. In New York, John Peter Zenger was proven innocent by the jury in t he libel case in 1735 after verifying that his writings about the governor were factual. In settling a verdict, Virginia jurors had an enormous autonomy. The British Vice-Admiralty courts had made the rage of the colonists rise (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).As a result of these disagreements of inequality and the abrogation of rights, the colonists incorporated in their earliest documents pledge of the right to trial by jury which includes: The First Congress of American Colonies in 1765; The First Continental Congress in 1774 (declaring that the colonies were unconstrained to the common law of England as well as to have an equal access to trial by peers of the vicinage); the 1787 United States Constitution, and the 1897 first ten amendments.The US Constitution and the ten amendments were products of Thomas Jefferson’s complaints against King George in the Declaration of Independence such as obstruction of administration of justice due to refusal of his Assent to Laws f or confirming Judiciary Powers, denials for Trial by Jury, and transportation of defendants overseas for trial (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). And today, according to the Sixth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, an individual has a right to undergo a fast and public trial by an impartial jury in cases of criminal prosecutions.He has the right to know the nature and causes of the allegation; to be confronted with the witness against him; and to have compulsory process for obtaining witness in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense (USINFO Database). Due to some criticisms against the American jury trial system, several major changes have occurred in the past decade which includes: reduction in size of the juries; the discarding of the unanimity rule; and the exemption rules. So what kind of trial system does America has today? Let us discuss how trial systems work.In the United States, there are two kinds of juries: the Petit jury, and the grand jury. Petit jury, which is composed of five to twelve members, hears criminal and civil cases. The regular jury trial lasts for about one two days, but some takes longer (Watson). During the trial, lawyers of the same parties question witnesses to support their arguments and serve as proofs. They also make opening and closing remarks to the jury (Watson). Then, the judge makes a final statement to the jury, explaining the laws that preside over the resolution the jury must construct (Watson).Juries conduct a confidential meeting to arrive at a certain judgment. Most states require a unanimous decision while few states consider a majority vote. If the jury fails to reach a verdict, it is called a hung jury (Watson). In a grand jury, the panel is composed of as much as twenty-one members. There are two kinds of grand jury in the American law: the charging grand jury and the investigatory grand jury. The charging grand jury decides whether a case should be brought to court only if there is sufficient evidence against the accused person (Watson).In the investigatory grand jury, the jurors are asked to approve efforts to gather evidence furtively. This kind of grand jury is also used against government officials who happen to be accused of wrongdoings (Watson). Jurors are being chosen lists of voters or automobile drivers wherein they receive questions through mail. People called to jury must be an American citizen, can understand English, no physical or mental disability, etc. (Watson). A judge asks more questions as well as the lawyers from the two parties to determine whether they can be good members.In most cases, the ones who seem most sympathetic are chosen which is claimed by other to be not fair at all (Watson). Supposedly, jurors should not form opinions or must have little knowledge about the case before the trial begins; however, it is difficult to find people like that (Watson). Before, if the accused is proven guilty, he is sentenced with death. So the jury serves as the savior of the defendant to prove that he is innocent of the crime accused to him. But as time goes, evolutions and developments had come.As a well known procedure today, the juries are the ones who decide whether someone is guilty or not through a due process under a trial system. Juries examine the truth and falsehood of a testimony and the facts presented. The judge will then establish what penalty should be given. In Arizona, the judge decides between life or death sentences and reserves that decision for the jury. However, the judge has the power to refuse the jury and ease the sentence from death to life if he wanted, but this has not come about yet in a real trial.The story of the jury, from its ancient origins to its role in the current justice system today, reflects the historical movement toward popular self-governance. It also illustrates the gradual expansion of individual rights to all members of American society. Jury duty can be serve as an education; th e people employs the law so they must learn to understand what it is and how it affects the case brought to them. On a personal note, it seems that the modern system works poorly. There exists numerous trials and most of them are for minor offenses which could have been managed in a well-organized manner.Moreover, court calendars are overloaded, which causes delays before an accused individual is brought to trial. Some public defenders cannot give accurately valuable support to the underprivileged people whom they serve because of overwork. There are also public prosecutors that enter into entreaty bargains that frequently punish those accused of minor crimes while those with serious felonies receive minimal penalties (USINFO Database). There are also some people who question the effectiveness of the jury in determining the truth.In recent years, the competence of juries has been attacked by judges, lawyers and laymen who claim that juries fail to base their decisions upon legal pre cedent. They contend that juries base their decisions upon emotion; they are unable to understand complex evidence or legal theories and they ignore the law in reaching what they consider to be an equitable verdict. Legal reformers believe that eliminating juries can improve the quality of trial verdicts and decrease both the cost and time involved with litigation.In earlier times, the panel members are all from the same neighborhood who knows both parties as well as the facts about them so that they can come up with fair and just decision. But now, juror panels are chosen from voting lists of jurisdictions that comprise hundreds of square miles and surround millions of people. The jurors hardly ever know the accused, and if by chance they do, they would not be allowed to be included in the panel to avoid bias assuming that personal acquaintance with one of the parties involve may affect their judgment.In deeper cases that involve issues about economic and accounting issues, some qu estion the ability of an average citizen to really understand the issues. For example in charges of stock manipulation and fraud, how much knowledge to these jurors has to fully examine the case and give the proper judgment (USINFO Database). It’s like having a cooking competition in which the judges came from the engineering field or other field irrelevant to the subject. Are there better criminal trial method?In Great Britain, where the trial of jury rooted, the use juries in civil trials accounts only one percent while the criminal trials accounts five percent only. A system called â€Å"bench trials† involves a single judge or a panel of judges without a jury to hear the case. This system takes less time, cost less money, and since it is unrestricted and may be assessed by appellate courts, it is well thought-out by many to be just and well-organized. In addition, in cases involving complicated matters of law, judges are more equipped to make a determination than s ome commoners or layback persons (USINFO Database).In effect of such considerations, in the area of civil law in the USA, movements towards unprejudiced settlement continually grow, wherein the parties agree to be bound by the verdict of a neutral outsider. Arbitration is faster (no delays caused by overfilled court calendars), fair, and it allows the parties to have the decision made based on the rules of the marketplace if business involved (USINFO Database). Some criticisms also involve issues that divide Americans in general such as race and wealth. Corruptions and racisms can not be totally eliminated. In reality, there are actually people who consider skin colors in making a judgment.Bias is all around. Moreover, there are people who accept payments to settle on the decisions. Influential and rich people often make use of their wealth to control different negotiations, and justice is one of those. However, even if the trial system is not by jury, such circumstances can never b e avoided, no matter what criminal trial method is used. Lastly, juries are charged of disreputably inconsistence. They can even disregard the law when they come to a decision that a defendant had a good raison d'etre to do what was done at all, or they can be controlled by devious lawyers (USINFO Database).These criticisms are based in fact and are true in some measure. Actually, the American systems of criminal and civil justice nowadays rely on a diversity of forms including bench trials, and arbitration. In addition, good police work often yields such a credible amount of proofs that suspects will appeal accountable without a jury trial. Emotions are also one erratic weakness of a jury system that relies on the decisions of ordinary citizens, thus result in ignoring the law. Moreover, there had also been an incident of â€Å"jury nullification† due to the belief of having unjust laws.Before the American Revolution, local juries rebuffed to condemn their neighbors accused of smuggling because they thought that the English trade and navigation are unjust (USINFO Database). What suggestions can I offer to further improve the jury trial system in America? I have read about the book written by Steven Adler entitled â€Å"The Jury†. He suggested some main points for the reform of the trial system. I agree to his suggestions for a better justice system. One of his points is the elimination of exemptions. In some states, certain categories of workers are excused from jury service which is not fair.If jury is an obligation and a right to all American citizens, then everyone must be given a chance to undergo qualification testing regardless of race, employment, and wealth (American Bar Association). Make a â€Å"one-day, one-trial† plan or similar procedures to make services less time-consuming. In this procedure, prospective jurors who are not selected for a case should be dismissed after their first day of service (American Bar Association). E liminate or at least severe limitations on unconditional trials. Organize the system well, to avoid wasting of time, effort and money (American Bar Association).Educate the jurors well, and give them better instructions and make them fully understand their role, the differences between argument and evidence, steps in a trial, and much other relevant information at the beginning of trials. The future of the people involve depend on the hands of the jurors. It is not good that someone will be given a wrong judgment or verdict just because the people who decided and examined his case have very little understanding and knowledge about the process and the case as well (American Bar Association).Permit jurors to take notes to better study the case (American Bar Association). Provide mechanisms to enable jurors to suggest questions for witnesses during the trial and to receive clarification on points of law (American Bar Association). Lastly, the judge should provide instructions which are shorter yet clearer for the jury just before they deliberate to avoid confusions about the case (American Bar Association). Different countries have different trial systems though they are somehow the same in some instances.Let us discuss the different procedures of trial systems in different countries. In Brazil, according to their constitution, all cases of first degree murder must be judged by juries. However, there are cases wherein authorities are judged by judges even if it falls into first degree murder: only crime that makes use of juries in this country. Jurors vote confidentially whether the accused is guilty or innocent of the crime, then the majority’s decision will be considered the final judgment. In France, the same jurisdictions are implied.The jury sits on an equal footing with three professional judges. The jury and judges first consider the questions of guilt. Then if applicable, they consider the penalty to apply (Did you mean Database). The jury trial sy stem in Spain is not traditionally established but when Franco’s dictatorship had ended, their constitution was reformed and finally legislate the jury trial system. There are also some countries which don’t use a jury system such as the Philippines wherein a court system is being applied.Here, only one person called the Court Judge hears the case and decides whether a person is guilty or not, and what appropriate penalties should be given to the proven guilty suspects. In Germany, jury trials have been abolished on 1924 due to perceived unjust verdicts given. The German criminal justice contrasts sharply with the American system in many ways. Likewise in America, the states in Germany are responsible for the administration of criminal justice; however, Germany has a single national code of criminal procedure and a unified court system.The police and prosecution are state-level rather than local agencies. There is no death penalty, and sentences for either major or min or crimes are considerably lower than in the US. A judge decides in minor cases whether the accused is innocent or guilty. In more serious cases, a judge and two lay members are involved while in the most serious cases, a panel of three judges and two lay members which requires at least two-thirds vote give sentences. Some people would like to abolish the jury trial system in America due to many criticisms that is being thrown to the process.However, elimination of trial by jury due to perceived defects in the system will hinder against democratic government itself. Bench trial or arbitration can be a good option, but for many, the only hope of establishing their innocence is to go before a jury of their peers, where the state must establish the issue of guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† (USINFO Database). Jury service continues to provide the sense of responsibility and participation of the citizens because nowadays, as society grows more complex, average citizens are g rowing disconnected from the government (USINFO Database).It seems that participating in a trial as part of the jury is as essential as voting for national elections to practice your right and privilege as an American citizen. A free and fair trial by a jury of one’s peers remains a critical right of the people, for the two parties and the panel members as well. So it is very important that the jury system should improved more and be more organized. Moreover, jury trial system in America may not be perfect and ideal; however, it is still seen as the best means for making certain that the strictness of the law can be shaped to integrity and justice in any definite state of affairs.The key for a fair judgment and sentences is more improvements and developments for the whole system. In earlier times, changes in the constitution regarding the trial system were based upon experiences and different situations that have been brought to court. There are still more rooms for improveme nts. Many more cases will be brought to court, and hopefully, better changes can improve the whole system for the benefit of all American citizens. Works Cited American Bar Association. Trial by Jury. 25 November 2007 < http://www.abanet. org/publiced/lawday/talking/jurytalk. html>. Did You Mean Database. Jury. 26 November 2007 < http://www. did-you-mean. com/Jury. html>. Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court. Origins and Foundations of American Courts. 24 November 2007. USINFO Database. Rights of the People: Individual Freedom and the Bill of Rights. â€Å"Chapter 7: Trial by Jury† 25 November 2007 . The Baronial Order of Magna Carta.Magna Carta and the American Law. 26 November 2007 < http://www. magnacharta. com/articles/article04. htm>. Watson, J. This is America-the Jury System. 09 May 2004. Voice of America. 26 November 2007 < http://www. voanews. com/specialenglish/archive/2004-05/a-2004-05-09-1-1. cfm>. Hans, V, & Vidmar, N.. Judging the Jury. May 1987. JSTOR Page. 26 Nov ember 2007 < http://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0026-2234%28198704%2F05%2985%3A5%2F6%3C1240%3AJTJ%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage>.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Drugs Drug Addiction and Domino Effect - 1419 Words

One Nation Under Drugs This problem has been going on for decades and still going on till this day. Should the U.S legalize every drug, would that be the answer? Do we continue with this twenty-five year plus war with drugs. The use of illicit drugs is illegal because of their intoxicating effects on the brain, damaging impact on the body, adverse impact on behavior, and potential for abuse. Their use threatens the health, welfare, and safety of all people, of users and non-users alike. I am against the legalization of all drugs because it destroys human character, it is very appealing to others leading to a domino effect, and not only destroys our society but others as well; the exempt is marijuana. I will be sharing with you why we†¦show more content†¦Friedman also said that it will make drug use safer, and clean up inner cities. To help support my claim a quote from â€Å"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals† by William J Bennett he said â€Å"If we taxed drugs and made them expensive, we would still have the black market and crime problems that we have today; if we sold them cheap to eliminate the black market cocaine at, say, $10 a gram-then we would succeed in making a daily dose of cocaine well within the allowance budget of most sixth-graders†(636). Having sixth-graders abusing drugs is not the way to go. So decriminalizing drugs and having regulations on them won’t work as we talked about. Bennett explained 7 reasons why drugs should be kept banned. One of the reasons that Bennett said was, â€Å"by keeping it illegal, we maintain the criminal sanctions that persuade most people that the good life cannot be reached by dealing drugs† (635). What he means by this is that people are already aware of the bad things drugs can do, and how drugs can’t take you to the good life. So if we legalize drugs, people are going to assume that there is not anything wrong with drugs and that it’s just like alcohol. Another reason that Bennett brought up to mind is the rise on drugs. Bennett stated in his story â€Å"I would argue that if drugs are easier to obtain, drug use will soar† (636). Don’t you agree that Bennett has a good point there? If we do legalize drugs, not only your regular druggies are going toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Teenage Drug Addiction 1079 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction in Teenagers Drugs have been around for a long time and there are many different reasons for them. In particular, they have been misused by teenagers over the years, but in today’s society drug use is at its highest level. Young adults do not deal with their problems in a healthy way, instead they turn to drugs as a solution. Teens who abuse drugs hurt their loved ones and the people who care the most about them. 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